ANATOMY/PHYSIOLOGY SPRING 2013 - [PDF Document] (2024)

ANATOMY/PHYSIOLOGYSPRING2013

HealthandWellnessDepartment‐ConestogaHighSchool,200IrishRoad,Berwyn,PA19312Ms.MarciaMariani,Health&WellnessDepartment/email:[emailprotected]

NAME:

Anatomy/PhysiologyCourseInformation

PurposeTointroducestudentstothestudyofgrossanatomyandphysiologyinpreparationforthecollege‐levelcourse(s)requiredforallstudentsenteringthefieldofHealthSciences.RecommendationIfstudentsareplanningacareerinaHealthSciencefield,itisstronglyrecommendedthattheyworktoachieveagradeof90%orhigherfortheirtranscriptforcollegeandhealthscienceprogramacceptance.CourseContentandMaterialsThecoursewilluseHumanAnatomy&PhysiologybyElaineMariebandTheAnatomyColoringBookbyWynnKapitandLawrenceM.Elson.Itistheresponsibilityofeachstudenttopurchasethecoloringbook.Coloredpencils,indexcardsandbluebooksareavailabletostudentsonrequesttotheirclassroomteacher.Additionalsupportandcoursematerialsareavailableinthiscoursenotebook.AssessmentStudentswillhaveChapterTestsonChapters1,2and3.StudentswillhaveChapterandPracticalTestsonChapters5and6.StudyGroupswillcreateanelectronicresearchprojectfortheirchosenorgansystem.StudentswillhaveanassignmentcalendarthatdesignateshomeworkfortheChapterReviewPacketsandColoringAssignments.GroupBonusactivitieswillbeprovidedforextracreditatrandomintervalsWellnessDepartmentHealthSciencesAwardBytakingthecourse,youareautomaticallyeligiblefornominationforthisaward.TheConestogaseniorwhoearnsthehighestoverallaverageintheirHealthEducationandAnatomy/PhysiologywithintentionofpursuingacareerinHealthSciencewillwinthisaward.Inthecaseofatie,thedepartmentwillthenlooktogradesinotherdepartmentcourses,participationintheAlliedHealthProgramandstudentresumesrelativetoHealthScienceswork.

ANATOMY/PHYSIOLOGYCHAPTERTESTREVIEWS

TESTFORMATTESTREMINDERS:

• YOUWILLHAVEONEPERIODTOCOMPLETECHAPTEREXAMS• CHOOSETHEBESTANSWERFOREACHQUESTION• SOMEQUESTIONSWILLREQUIREMORETHANONEBESTANSWER

PLANNEDTESTFORMAT:ObjectiveQuestions

STANDARDMULTIPLECHOICE STANDARDTWO‐COLUMNMATCHING FIVE‐CHOICEMATCHING CHOOSETHEBESTOFTWO(DIRECTIONALTERMS) REVERSEDEFINITIONS(definitionprovided,namethesystem)

PLANNEDTESTCONTENT:

• EACHEXAMWILLCONTAINCONTENTFROMTHEFOLLOWING:CHAPTERCONTENT,CHAPTERPACKET

• EACHEXAMMAYCONTAINPREVIOUSLYLEARNEDINFORMATION(i.e.motionsmaybeontheChapter2test)SINCELEARNINGISTOBECUMULATIVE

• LABELINGOFANATOMICALTERMS• DEFININGANATOMICALTERMS• APPLICATIONOFANATOMICALTERMSTOBODYMOVEMENTANDPROCESSES• APPLICATIONOFANATOMICALTERMSTOREALLIFE

PLANNEDGRADING:

OBJECTIVEQUESTIONS:1POINTPERANSWERPOSSIBLE=62POINTS MOTIONS:20POINTS TOTALPOINTSPOSSIBLE=82POINTS

NOTES/REMINDERS:

HumanAnatomy/PhysiologyGroupResearchProjectPurpose:• Tointroduceyourchosenbodysystemtoyourclassmatesbyexplainingwhyitisimportantandamazing!• Toeducateyourclassmatesonthegrossanatomy,physiologyandbasicfunctions/purposeofyourchosen

bodysystem.• Todemonstratehowtheindividualpartsofyourchosensystemcombinetofunction.• Toexplainhowthosefunctionsservethebodyasawhole–specificallyhowitmaypartnerwithother

systems.• Todemonstrateandprovideexamplesofatleasttwoconditionswhichmayresultifthesystemfailsto

functionasexpected.• Totestyourclassmates’knowledgeofyourchosenbodysystem.Research:• Gatherbackgroundinformationonthecomponentsofyourbodysystemandtheirfunctionsusingatleastfive

reliablehealthscienceresources.Youshouldrelyprimarilyon.gov;.edu;andsome.orgwebsites.Youshouldalsousereferencebooksandprofessionaljournals/magazines.YoushouldavoidWikipediaandorganizationsthatmayhaveabiasviewpointoraretryingtomakemoneyfromsellingaproductorphilosophy.

• Createabasicoutlineofthecontentyoufeelwouldbestachieveyourprojectpurpose.• Findtwographicsthatwouldsupportyourcontent.• Findatleasttwoonlinevideoorvisualclipsthatyoucaninsertashyperlinksinyourprojecttofurtherexplain

structureandfunctiontoyourclassmates.CreateYourElectronicProject:• CoverPagethatincludesyournameandgrade.• Aminimumoffivepagesofwrittentextthatfulfillthepurposeoftheproject.• Yourhyperlinks/referencelinksshouldbeincludedthroughouttheprojecttosupport/explainthewritten

content.• Bibliographyofallmaterials/resources/researchandreferencelinksusedtocreateyourproject.• Createtheevaluationtoolyourpeerswillcomplete.• Createanelectronicanswerkeyforyourteacher.PeerEvaluationTool:• Createa20questionworksheetorquizforyourclassmatestoprintandcomplete.• Pleaseusequestionsthatarepurposefulratherthanjustcreating‘busywork’questionnaires!• Besureallanswersareavailableviathewrittentextand/orthelinksinyourproject.• Besureanswerswouldhaveonlyonebestanswer.SubmitYourProject:• ProjectDueDate:Friday,December14,2012nolaterthan11:59:59pm• ProjectshouldbesubmittedelectronicallytoSynergy–specifically,yourprojecttopic’sfolder.• EmailtheelectronicanswerkeyONLYtoMs.Mariani(honorsystem!).• Besuretosubmitthehardcopyofthegradingformattachedtothispage.OurTopic Notes:

ANATOMY‐PHYSIOLOGYORGANSYSTEMRESEARCHPROJECTGRADINGRUBRIC

GROUPNAMES

APPROVEDTOPIC(YES/NO)–FAILURETOUSEAPPROVEDTOPICWILLRESULTINZEROGRADE PROJECTSUBMITTEDBYDEADLINE(10)NOTE:ADDITIONAL5‐POINTDEDUCTIONPER12HOURSLATE INTRODUCTION(10) REQUIREDWRITTENCONTENTLENGTHOF5PAGESWITHOUTGRAPHICS(20)

ALLPARTSOFSYSTEMDISCUSSED ACCURATEANDCONCISEINFORMATION

MINIMUMOF2REQUIREDGRAPHICS‐1PAGEOFCONTENT(10) CLEARREPRESENTATIONOFWRITTENCONTENT GRAPHICSSERVETOFURTHEREDUCATEPEERS

CLARITY/PURPOSE/EDUCATIONALVALUEOFSUPPORTINGWEBVISUAL#1(10) CLARITY/PURPOSE/EDUCATIONALVALUEOFSUPPORTINGWEBVISUAL#2(10) GROSSANATOMYCONTENT(20)

PARTS FUNCTION RELATIONSHIPTOBODYASAWHOLE

PHYSIOLOGYCONTENT(20) PARTS FUNCTION RELATIONSHIPTOBODYASAWHOLE

ORIGINALITY/CREATIVITYOFCONTENT(10) DISEASE/CONDITION#1(10) DISEASE/CONDITION#2(10) BIBLIOGRAPHY(20)

MINIMUMOF5SOURCESOBTAINEDANDUSED RELIABILITYOFHEALTHSCIENCESOURCES MOSTCURRENTINFORMATIONAVAILABLEUNLESSUSEDFORHISTORICALREFERENCE PROPERUSEOFMLAFORMATTING

20‐QUESTIONTESTOFPEERKNOWLEDGE(REVIEWWORKSHEET)(20) PURPOSEFULQUESTIONS CLARITYOFQUESTIONS FORMATOFQUESTIONS

OVERALLTOPICCOVERAGE,QUALITYANDCLARITY(20) TOTALPOINTSEARNEDOF200

CHAPTER1

THEHUMANBODY

ANORIENTATION

Chapter1ObjectivesMostofusarenaturallycuriousaboutourbodies;wewanttoknowwhatmakesustick.Thiscuriosityisevenseenininfants,whocankeepthemselveshappyforalongtimestaringattheirownhandsorpullingtheirmother'snose.Olderchildrenwonderwherefoodgoeswhentheyswallowit,andsomebelievethattheywillgrowawatermelonintheirbellyiftheyswallowtheseeds.Theyscreamloudlywhenapproachedbymedicalpersonnel(fearingshotsthatsting),buttheyliketoplaydoctor.Adultsbecomeupsetwhentheirheartspound,whentheyhaveuncontrollablehotflashes,orwhentheycannotkeeptheirweightdown.Anatomyandphysiology,subdivisionsofbiology,exploremanyofthesetopicsastheydescribehowourbodiesareputtogetherandhowtheywork.ObjectiveChecklistAnOverviewofAnatomyandPhysiology

• Defineanatomyandphysiology.• Explainhowanatomyandphysiologyarerelated.

LevelsofStructuralOrganization• Namethelevelsofstructuralorganizationthatmakeupthehumanbody

andexplainhowtheyarerelated.• Nametheorgansystemsofthebodyandbrieflystatethemajorfunctions

ofeachsystem.• Classifybyorgansystemallorgansdiscussed.• Identifytheorgansshownonadiagramoradissectibletorso.

MaintainingLife• Listfunctionsthathumansmustperformtomaintainlife.• Listthesurvivalneedsofthehumanbody.

Homeostasis• Definehomeostasisandexplainitsimportance.• Definenegativefeedbackanddescribeitsroleinmaintaininghomeostasisandnormalbodyfunction.

TheLanguageofAnatomy• Describetheanatomicalpositionverballyordemonstrateit.• Useproperanatomicalterminologytodescribebodydirections,surfaces,andbodyplanes.• Locatethemajorbodycavitiesandlistthechieforgansineachcavity.

BodyPlanes(seediagram)

Plane–Median–Sagittal–CoronalorFrontal–TransverseorCrossHorizontal–

BodySections

Section‐SagittalSection‐MidsagittalSectionorMedianSection‐FrontalorCoronalSection‐TranverseorCrossSection‐

Landmarks

Meatus–anopeningortunnelthroughanypartofthebody

Process–athinprojectionorprominence

Projection–(protuberance)–somethingthatjutsout

Foramen–aholeoropening

Condyle–aroundedbumponabonewhereitformsajointwithanotherboneorbones

Epicondyle–aprojectiononabone,aboveanotherpart,thecondyle

Plate–aflatstructureorpart

RegionalTerms:AnteriorBodyLandmarks

Abdominal–Antecubital–Axillary–Brachial–Buccal–Cervical–Digital–Femoral–Inguinal–Oral–Orbital–Patellar–Pubic–Thoracic–Umbilical–

RegionalTerms:PosteriorBodyLandmarks

Deltoid–Gluteal‐Lumbar‐Occipital‐Popliteal‐Scapular‐Sural‐

AnatomicalDirectionsorPositionsAnatomicalPosition–Cranial/Superior‐Caudal/Inferior‐Anterior/Ventral‐Posterior/Dorsal‐Medial‐Lateral‐Intermediate‐Proximal‐Distal‐Superficial‐Deep‐

BodyCavities(seediagram)

DorsalCavity‐

CranialCavity–

SpinalCavity–VentralCavity‐

SuperiorThoracicCavity–

AbdominopelvicCavity–

BoneMarkings

ProjectionsWhereMusclesAttach:

Tuberosity–Crest–Trochanter–Line–Tubercle–Epicondyle–Spine–

ProjectionsThatFormJoints:

Head–Facet–Condyle–Ramus–

Depressions/OpeningsforVessels/Nerves:

Meatus–Sinus–Fossa–Groove–Fissure–Foramen–

Motions

Flexion–

Extension–

Hyperextension–

Rotation–

Abduction–

Adduction–

Circumduction–

LateralFlexion–

Lateral/ExternalRotation–

Medial/InternalRotation–

Supination–

Pronation‐

Radial/UlnarDeviation‐

Inversion–

Eversion–

Dorsiflexion–

Plantarflexion–

Retraction–

Protraction–

Elevation–

Depression–

UpwardRotation–

Distraction(Traction)–

Compression–

Opposition–

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐NotesonPageNumbersfordiagrams:

MuscleAttachmentsOrigin–Insertion–Tendon–Muscle–

TheFiveGoldenRules

ofSkeletalMuscleActivity:

1–Allmusclescrossatleastonejoint.2–Typically,thebulkofthemuscleliesproximaltothejointcrossed.3–Allmuscleshaveatleasttwoattachments:theoriginandtheinsertion.4–Musclescanonlypull,theyneverpush.5–Duringcontraction,themuscleinsertionmovestowardtheorigin.

TypesofMusclesPrimeMovers–Antagonists–Synergists–Fixators‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐GROUPCHALLENGE:AnswerthefollowingonaseparatesheetofpaperAction:LiftingyourbackpackwithyourrighthandfromthefloortoyourrightshoulderChallenge:Listeachoftheaboveintheordertheyareused.

MedicalImagingMEDICALRADIOGRAPHY:

PROJECTIONALRADIOGRAPHS(X‐RAYS)

FLUOROSCOPYNUCLEARMEDICINE:

GAMMACAMERAS

PET(POSITRON‐EMISSIONTOMOGRAPHY)TOMOGRAPHY:

CTORCATSCANS(COMPUTEDTOMOGRAPHYorCOMPUTEDAXIALTOMOGRAPHY) LINEARTOMOGRAPHY ORTHOPANTOMOGRAPHY(OPTorOPG) POLYTOMOGRAPHY ZONOGRAPHYDSR(DYNAMICSPATIALRECONSTRUCTION)MEDICALULTRASONOGRAPHYorULTRASOUNDIMAGINGMRI(MAGNETICRESONANCEIMAGING)MPI(MAGNETICPARTICLEIMAGING)‐(FEB.2009BYROYALPHILIPSELECTRONICS)ELECTRONMICROSCOPYPHOTOACOUSTICIMAGINGINBIOMEDICINE

DIGITALINFRAREDIMAGINGTHERMOGRAPHYTHREE‐DIMENSIONALIMAGING‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐GroupBonusOpportunityWhatare3newtypesofmedicalimagingthatareinuseorareintheprocessofbeingapprovedforusetoday?Describeeachandthestageofuse/approval.

Anatomy/Physiology Name

PLANES,ORIENTATION,DIRECTIONANDMOTIONPRACTICE

1 Astheballroomdancecouplewaltzedaroundthefloor,theymaintainedperfect

postureineachother’s planes.

2 TheFrisbeesailedovertheplayers’headfollowingthe

plane.

3 AsLadyprancedbyTramp,he“checkedherout”from

to .

4 WhenMaryacceptedJohn’sproposal,heslippedtheengagementringontoherfinger

fromthe tothe end.

5 Xena,seeingnootheroptiontosavethetownfrom‘areallybadguy’,slidhersword

intothe‘badguy’fromthe aspectofhisabdomentothe

untilhecollapsed.

6 Toperformaccesstheman’sbeatingheart,theCardiothoracicSurgeonmadea

Sectionalongthesternumtobreakopentheribcage.

7 InperformingaMastectomy,thesurgeon’sfirstincisionwasintothe

regionofthewoman’sbody.

8 Soshewouldn’thaveasorearmforsoftballpractice,Theresaoptedtohavehershotin

her region.

9 Tograspthehandleofthepencilsharpener,Sarahusedfinger

10 ToperformJumpingJacksinP.E.class,thestudentsused and

ofthelegsandarms.

11 Todrinkthehotchocolatefromhismug,Johnused ofthewrist

andforearm.

12 ToreleasetheFrisbeefromherhand,Claraused

ofthewristtocompleteaperfectthrow.

13 Look…upinthesky…it’sabird…it’saplane…it’s ofthe

neck!

14 Whentheballerina herankletoriseupontothevery

tippytopofhertoes,Johnthoughttohimself…‘Wow...thatmustreallyhurt!”.

15 Juliawasconstantly and herscapula’s

inclasstothepointwhereotherkidsneverhadachancetoraisetheirhands.

MAKEYOUROWN:

Wake Up! Directions: Describe the motions you use each morning to get ready for school. Match each action with its appropriate motion. You will NOT use all of the motions listed! You will not use any motion twice!

1. Getting out of bed… both feet are on the floor… to stand up you must…

a. feet

b. knees

c. hips

2. Washing your hair…

a. Your shoulders must when moving in a

superior direction

b. Your shoulders must when moving in an

inferior direction.

3. To put on deodorant…

a. The wrist of the applying hand must and

b. The shoulder of the receiving underarm must

4. To put on your jeans…

a. To lift your leg into your jeans, your hip must

b. To push your foot through the opening at the bottom, your foot through the

opening at the bottom, your knee must

5. To put your foot into your shoe…

a. Your foot must first

NAME:

STUDENTACTIVITIES:1 ASSUMETHEANATOMICALPOSITION.HOWDOESTHISPOSITIONDIFFERFROMTHE“USUAL”

STANDINGPOSITION?WHYISKNOWINGTHISPOSITIONIMPORTANTTOYOURCURRENTSTUDIES?2 REMOVEALLTHEORGANSFROMPAT…RETURNTHEMTOTHEIRPROPERANATOMICALLOCATION.AS

YOUREPOSITIONEACHORGAN,SAYITSNAMEANDBODYCAVITY.WHATELSECANYOUTELLUSABOUTEACHORGAN?

3 SHOWHOWACHAIRWOULDBECUTALONGTHESAGITTAL,FRONTALANDTRANSVERSEPLANCES.

WHICH(IFANY)OFTHESESECTIONSWOULDYIELDA“USEABLE”CHAIR?WHYWOULDTHEOTHERSNOT?

4 WHYDOYOUTHINKADOGINSTINCTIVELYCURLSOVERANDPROTECTSITSABDOMENWHENTHAT

BODYREGIONISAPPROACHEDEVENPLAYFULLY?5 TWOPEOPLEHAVERAPIDLYGROWINGTUMORS.THETUMORISINTHEDORSALCAVITYINONEOF

THESEINDIVIDUALSANDINTHEVENTRALCAVITYINTHEOTHER.WHICHOFTHESEPEOPLEWILLDEVELOPSYMPTOMSFIRSTANDWHY?

6 YOURTEACHERWILLCALLOUTANATOMICALTERMS.YOUANDYOURCLASSMATESMUSTPOINTTO

THENAMEDREGIONSORAREASONYOUROWNBODY.7 HOWISSCRATCHINGANITCHANEXAMPLEOFNEGATIVEFEEDBACK?8 COMMENTONTHEFUNCTIONALRELATIONSHIPSBETWEENMUSCLESANDBONES.9 COMMENTONTHEFUNCTIONALRELATIONSHIPSBETWEENTHERESPIRATORYANDCIRCULATORY

SYSTEMS.10 ACTIVITYONTHEIMPORTANCEOFRELATIVELYCONSTANTCONDITIONSONOPTIMALFUNCTIONINGOF

ANYSYSTEM:• USEASIMPLEBATTERY‐OPERATEDCLOCKASYOURSUBJECT.WHATWOULDHAPPENIFITWAS…

a. immersedinwaterb. hitwithahammerc. heateduntilitwasred‐hotd. haditsbatteryremoved

• WHATCONDITIONSWOULDBEBESTSUITEDFORTHECLOCKTOOPERATE?WHATSINGLETERMDESCRIBESTHOSECONDITIONS?

11 WHATISTHEMEANINGOFTHEWORD“ALIVE”?DEVELOPALISTOFCHARACTERISTICSASSOCIATED

WITHBEING“ALIVE”.12 PRINT,PHOTOCOPYORCUTOUTANARTICLEFROMARELIABLESOURCETHATDESCRIBESANEVENTOR

PROBLEMINTHEYEAR2002‐2003THATTHREATENSHOMEOSTASIS–EVENSURVIVAL.BEPREPAREDTODESCRIBETHEPROBLEMANDHOWITREPRESENTSATHREATTOTHEBODY.

13 THEMAGNETICHUMANPROJECT.

CHAPTER5

THESKELETALSYSTEM

FUNFACTSOFLITTLEINTERESTTONOONEBUTANATOMYGEEKS:

Withouttheskeletonwewouldcollapse…literally,wewouldfalldown–nowalkingforus!Wewouldhaveagreatviewof…thefloor…nothingbutablobofstuffedskin!

Howmanybones?Youwerebornwithover300…someofthosefusedtogetherovertheyears,soanadultskeletonhas206boneswithsomepeoplehavinglessifonewasremoved,somemoreiftheywerebornwithanextraappendageorso.

Ourskeletonstaystogetherbecauseofligamentsthatattachmanyofourbonestoeachother. Bonescannotmovewithoutthehelpofmuscles.Musclesareattachedtobonesbytendons. Bonesarealive…theyaremadeupofmanybonecellsandhaveabloodsupply.Thebloodsupplybringsfood(nutrients)andoxygentotheboneandtakesthewasteproductsaway.

Ifabone“dies”,itcannotrepairitselfandmusteitherbefusedtosurroundingboneorreplacedbyanartificialjointorlimb.

GATHERMOREFUNFACTSOFYOUROWN!

CHAPTER5:THESKELETALSYSTEM

I BONES:ANOVERVIEW

A FUNCTIONSOFTHEBONES B CLASSIFICATIONOFBONES C STRUCTUREOFALONGBONE

1. GROSSANATOMY2. MICROSCOPICANATOMY

D BONEFORMATION,GROWTH,ANDREMODELINGE BONEFRACTURES

II AXIALSKELETON A SKULL

1. CRANIUMa. FrontalBoneb. ParietalBonesc. TemporalBonesd. OccipitalBonee. SpheniodBonef. EthmoidBone

2. FACIALBONESa. Mandibleb. Maxillaec. PalatineBonesd. ZygomaticBonese. LacrimalBonesf. NasalBonesg. VomerBoneh. InferiorConchae

3. THEHYOIDBONE4. FETALSKULL

B VERTEBRALCOLUMN(SPINE)1. CERVICALVERTEBRAE2. THORACICVERTEBRAE3. LUMBARVERTEBRAE4. SACRUM5. COCCYX

C BONYTHORAX1. STERNUM2. RIBS

III APPENDICULARSKELETON A BONESOFTHESHOULDERGIRDLE B BONESOFTHEUPPERLIMBS

1. Arm2. Forearm3. Hand

C BONESOFTHEPELVICGIRDLED BONESOFTHELOWERLIMBS

1. Thigh2. Leg3. Foot

IV JOINTS A SYNARTHROSES B AMPHIARTHROSES C DIARTHROSESV DEVELOPMENTALASPECTSOFTHESKELETON

PracticeQuiz:FullAnterior/PosteriorSkeleton

LEARNINGANATOMY:THOUGHTSTOPONDER,ACTIVITIESTOTRY…

1 WHATARETHEDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHESKELETONSOF:MALESANDFEMALES,ATHLETESANDSEDENTARYPEOPLE,YOUNGANDTHEELDERLY?HETEROTROPHICBONESANDACCESSORYBONESMAYBEFOUNDINMANYPEOPLE.WHATINFORMATIONCANSKELETONSPROVIDEINFORENSICMEDICINE?

2 DIDYOUKNOW:OSTEOGENICSARCOMAANDLEUKEMIAARECOMMONCANCERSINPEOPLE

EXPOSEDTORADIATIONBECAUSEOFTHEDEPOSITIONOFMINERALSINBONE.3 BONEISNOTASTATICTISSUE…RATHER,ITISVASCULARANDCONSTANTLYPRODUCEDAND

REABSORBEDFORTHEPURPOSEOFCALCIUMHOMEOSTASISANDTOALLOWITTOACCOMMODATEFUNCTIONALANDGRAVITATIONALSTRESS.MODERATEWEIGHT‐BEARINGEXERCISEWILLSTIMULATEBONEFORMATIONANDMAYHELPPREVENTDISEASESSUCHASOSTEOPOROSIS.

4 OSSIFICATIONISINCOMPLETEATBIRTH.WHATISTHETIMETABLEFOROSSIFICATION?5 WHATARETHERISKFACTORSFOROSTEOPOROSIS?WHATARESOMECURRENT

TREATMENTS?WHATARESOMEPROPOSEDFUTURETHERAPIES?6 DIDYOUKNOWTHATYOUCANSTANDONACHINACUP?THISISADEMONSTRATIONOFTHE

COMPRESSIONALSTRENGTHTHATCALCIUM/BONESALTSPROVIDETOBONETISSUE.WHY?CANYOUUSEALEATHERBELTTODEMONSTRATETHETENSILESTRENGTHTHATCOLLAGENPROVIDESTOBONETISSUE?

7 USINGSKIPPY,DEMONSTRATETHEMOVEMENTSTHATAREPERMITTEDATDIARTHROTIC

JOINTS.8 USESKIPPYANDHISGRAVEYARDBONESTOLOCATETHEVARIOUSBONESOFTHESKELETON.9 IDENTIFYTHEROLESOFCALCIUMINTHEBODY(OTHERTHANMAKINGBONESHARD)10 WHATARETHEVARIOUSHORMONALINFLUENCESONTHESKELETON?WHATDRUGSARE

CURRENTLYUSEDTOHELPCORRECTGIGANTISMANDDWARFISM?11 WHYAREINCOMPLETEORGREENSTICKFRACTURESMORECOMMONINCHILDRENTHANIN

ADULTS?12 CLASSIFYTHEBONESOFSKIPPY’SGRAVEYARDASLONG,SHORT,FLATORIRREGULAR.

1STINCISOR HEADOFRADIUS PELVICBRIM(ARCUATELINE)

1STMOLAR HUMERUS PHALANGES

2NDINCISOR ILIACCREST PISIFORM

2NDPREMOLAR ILIACFOSSA POSTERIORINFERIORILIACSPINE

ACETABULUM INFERIORANGLE PROXIMALPHALANX

ACROMIOCLAVICULARJOINT INFERIORPUBICRAMUS PROXIMALTIBIOFIBULARJOINT

ACROMIONPROCESS INFRASPINOUSFOSSA PUBICSYMPHYSIS

ALVEOLARMARGINS INTERCONDYLAREMINENCE RADIALTUBEROSITY

ANTERIORBORDEROFTIBIA INTERCOSTALCARTILAGE RADIUS

ANTERIORINFERIORILIACSPINE INTERTROCHANTERICCREST SACRALSPINE

ATLAS INTERTUBERCULARGROOVE SACROILIACJOINT

AXILLARYBORDER INTERVERTEBRALDISK SACRUM

AXIS IPJOINT SCAPULA

BASEOFMETACARPAL ISCHIALSPINE SCAPULARSPINE

BODYOFSTERNUM LACRIMALBONE SPHENOIDBONE

BODYOFVERTEBRA LAMBDOIDALSUTURE SPINOUSPROCESS

CALCANEUS LATERALCONDYLE SQUAMOUSSUTURE

CANINETEETH LATERALEPICONDYLE STYLOIDPROCESSOFRADIUS

CAPITULUM LATERALMALLEOLUS STYLOIDPROCESSOFSKULL

CARPALBONES LATERALPTERYGOIDPLATE STYLOIDPROCESSOFULNA

CERVICALSPINE LESSERTROCHANTER SUPERIORANGLE

COCCYX LESSERTUBERCLE SUPERIORARTICULARPROCESS

CORACOIDPROCESS LUMBARSPINE SUPERIORBORDER

CORONALSUTURE LUMBARVERTEBRA SUPERIORPUBICRAMUS

CRANIUM LUNATE TALOCRURALJOINT(ANKLE)

CUBOID MANDIBLE TALUS

DISTALPHALANX MANDIBULARFOSSA TARSALBONES

DISTALTIBIOFIBULARJOINT MANDIBULARRAMUS TEMPORALBONES

ETHMOIDBONE MANUBRIUM TEMPORALMANDIBULARJOINT

EXTERNALAUDITORYMEATUS MASTOIDBONE THORACICSPINE

EXTERNALOCCIPITALPROTUBERANCE MAXILLA THORACICVERTEBRA

FALSEPELVIS MEDIALEPICONDYLE TIBIA

FALSERIB MEDIALMALLEOLUS TIBIALTUBEROSITY

FEMUR MEDIALPTERYGOIDPLATE TRANSVERSEPROCESS

FIBULA METACARPAL TRAPEZIUM

FLOATINGRIB METATARSAL TROCHLEA

FORAMENMAGNUM MIDDLEPHALANX TROCHLEARNOTCH

FRONTALBONE MPJOINT TRUEPELVIS

GLABELLA NASALBONE TRUERIB

GLENOHUMERALJOINT NAVICULAR ULNA

GLENOIDFOSSA NECKOFFEMUR VERTEBRALBORDER

GREATERTROCHANTER OBTURATORFORAMEN VERTEBRALFORAMINA

GREATERTUBERCLE OCCIPITALBONE VOMER

GREATERWINGOFSPHENOID OCCIPITALCONDYLES XIPHOIDPROCESS

HAMATE OLECRANONPROCESS ZYGOMATICBONE

HEADOFFEMUR PALATINEBONE ZYGOMATICPROCESS

HEADOFFIBULA PARIETALPROCESS LORDOSIS

HEADOFHUMERUS PATELLA KYPHOSIS

HEADOFMETACARPAL

BONELIST

CHAPTER6

THEMUSCULARSYSTEM

CHAPTER6:THEMUSCULARSYSTEM

I OVERVIEWOFMUSCLETISSUES

A MUSCLEFUNCTIONS B MUSCLETYPES

1 Skeletalmuscle2 Smoothmuscle3 Cardiacmuscle

II MUSCLEACTIVITY A STIMULATIONANDCONTRACTIONOFSINGLESKELETALMUSCLECELLS

1 TheNerveStimulusandActionPotential2 MechanismofMuscleContraction:TheSlidingFilamentTheory

B CONTRACTIONOFASKELETALMUSCLEASAWHOLE1 GradedResponses

a MuscleResponsetoIncreasinglyRapidStimulationb MuscleResponsetoStrongerStimuli

2 MuscleFatigueandOxygenDebt3 TypesofMuscleContractions–Isometric,Isotonic,Isokinetic4 MuscleTone5 EffectofExerciseonMuscles

III BODYMOVEMENTSANDNAMINGSKELETALMUSCLES A TYPESOFBODYMOVEMENTS B TYPESOFMUSCLES C NAMINGSKELETALMUSCLESIV GROSSANATOMYOFSKELETALMUSCLES A HEADMUSCLES

1 FACIALMUSCLESa Frontalisb OrbicularisOculic OrbicularisOrisd Buccinatore Zygomaticus

2 CHEWINGMUSCLESa Masseterb Temporalis

B TRUNKANDNECKMUSCLES1 ANTERIORMUSCLES

a Sternocleidomastoidb PectoralisMajorc IntercostalMusclesd MuscleoftheAbdominalGirdle

2 POSTERIORMUSCLESa Trapeziusb LatissimusDorsic Deltoid

C MUSCLESOFTHEUPPERLIMB1 MUSCLESOFTHEHUMERUSTHATACTONTHEFOREARM

a BicepsBrachiib TricepsBrachii

D MUSCLESOFLOWERLIMB1 MUSCLESCAUSINGMOVEMENTATTHEHIPJOINT

a Iliopsoasb AdductorMusclesc GluteusMaximusd GluteusMedius

2 MUSCLESCAUSINGMOVEMENTATTHEKNEEJOINTa Sartoriusb QuadricepsGroupc HamstringGroup

3 MUSCLESCAUSINGMOVEMENTATTHEANKLEANDFOOTa TibialisAnteriorb PeroneusMusclesc Gastrocnemius

V DEVELOPMENTALASPECTSOFTHEMUSCULARSYSTEM

MUSCLEPHYSIOLOGYSTUDYGUIDE

I. THREETYPESOFMUSCLETISSUEFOUNDINTHEHUMANBODY

A. SMOOTH

B. CARDIAC

C. SKELETAL

II. THEGENERALCHARACTERISTICSANDPROPERTIESOFEACHARE:

PROPERTIES SMOOTH CARDIAC SKELETAL

FIBERLENGTH 50‐200 NA 25,000

MARKINGS NON‐STRAITED STRIATIONS STRIATIONS

NUCLEI SINGLE SINGLE MULTIPLE

CONTRACTION VERYSLOW MODERATE VERYQUICK

EFFECTOFCUTNERVEFIBER SLIGHT SLIGHT TOTALPARALYSIS

III. SKELETALMUSCLE

A. SKELETALMUSCLEISHIGHLYSPECIALIZEDTOANDSPECIFICALLYADAPTEDTOCARRYOUTTHREEMAJORFUNCTIONS1. BODYMOTION2. HEATPRODUCTION(40%‐50%OFHEATPRODUCTION)3. POSTUREANDBODYSUPPORT

B. SKELETALSYSTEMDIVIDEDINTOTWOGROUPS1. MUSCLESOFTHEAXIALSKELETON(FACIAL,MASTICATION,NECK,EYE,

VERTEBRAE)2. MUSCLESOFTHEAPPENDICULARSKELETAL(GIRDLES,APPENDAGES)

C. TERMINOLOGYASSOCIATEDWITHMUSCLES

1. ORIGIN‐STATIONARYATTACHMENT2. INSERTION‐MOVEABLEATTACHMENT3. TENDON‐ATTACHMUSCLETOBONE4. GASTER‐MUSCLEBULK5. APONEUROSIS‐SHEETLIKELAYEROFCONNECTIVETISSUE

D. DESCRIPTIONOFTHEANATOMYOFSKELETALMUSCLE1. THEENTIREMUSCLEISWRAPPEDINASHEATHCALLEDTHEEPIMYSIUM2. THEPERIMYSIUMSEPARATESTHEMUSCLEINTOBUNDLESORFASCICLES3. THEENDOMYSIUMSEPERATESEACHINDIVIDUALMUSCLECELL4. EACHMUSCLEFIBER(CELL)CONTAINSMYOFIBRILS5. EACHMYOFIBRILCONTAINSTHECONTRACTILEPROTEINSMYOSINANDACTIN6. EACHMUSCLEFIBER(CELL)ISSURROUNDEDBYAPLASMAMEMBRANECALLED

THESARCOLEMMA7. THECYTOPLASMOFTHECELLISCALLEDTHESARCOPLASM8. THESARCOPLASMICRETICULUMISANETWORKMEMBRANEENCLOSED

TUBULESTHATFORMASLEEVEAROUNDEACHMYOFIBRIL(IMPORTANTINMETABOLICFUNCTION)

9. THET‐TUBULESRUNTRANSVERSETHROUGHTHEMUSCLEFIBERANDAREINTERNALEXTENSIONSOFTHESARCOLEMMA

10. THET‐TUBULESANDTHERETICULUMAREINVOLVEDINTHETRANSMISSIONOFTHENERVEIMPULSETOTHEMUSCLEFIBER

E. DESCRIPTIONOFMUSCLESTRIATIONS

1. IBAND ACTINFILAMENTS(LIGHT)

2. ABAND MYOSIN(DARK)ANDOVERLAPPINGACTINFIBERS

3. HBAND PORTIONOFMYOSINNOTOVERLAPPINGACTIN

4. ZBAND INTHEMIDDLEOFIBAND(BOUNDARY)ANDARETHEUNITSOFCONTRACTIONS

F. MUSCLECONTRACTION1. MUSCLEFIBERISSTIMULATEDBYANERVEFIBERTHATRELEASES

ACETYLCHOLINE2. ACETYLCHOLINECAUSESTHEMUSCLEFIBERTOCONDUCTANIMPULSETHAT

REACHESTHEDEEPPARTSOFTHEFIBER3. AMUSCLEIMPULSESIGNALSTHESARCOPLASMTORELEASECALCIUMIONS4. CROSSBRIDGESFORMBETWEENACTINANDMYOSINANDTHEACTINGIBER

MOVESINWARDa. TROPOMYOSINISFOUNDONTHEACTINFILAMENTb. TROPONINATTACHEDTOTHESURFACEOFTROPOMYOSINc. ATRESTTHISARRANGEMENTPREVENTSCROSSBRIDGESd. CALCIUMCHANGESARRANGEMENTANDALLOWSCROSSBRIDGES

5. MUSCLEFIBERSRELAXWHENTHECALCIUMIONSMOVEBACKTOTHESARCOPLASM

6. CHOLINESTERASEDECOMPOSESACETYICHOLINE7. ATPSUPPPLIESENERGYNEEDEDFORMUSCLECONTRACTION8. CREATINEPHOSPHATESTORESENERGYTHATCANBEUSEDTOPRODUCEATP9. ACTIVEMUSCLESDEPENDONRESPIRATIONANDASARESULTPRODUCEHEAT

G. OXYGENSUPPLYANDOXYGENDEBT1. ANAEROBICRESPIRATIONPRODUCESFEWATPMOLECULES2. AEROBICRESPIRATIONPRODUCESTHEBULKOFATPANDREQUIRESOXYGEN3. MYOGLOBINSTORESOXYGENINTHEMUSCLEFIBER4. OXYGENDEBTOCCURSDURINGSTRENUOUSEXERCISEWHENOXYGENIS

DEPLETEDANDLACTICACIDFORMS5. THEAMOUNTOFOXYGENNEEDEDTOCONVERTLACTICACIDTOGLUCOSEAND

RESTOREATPSUPPLYISOXYGENDEBT6. THECONVERSIONOFLACTICACIDTOGLUCOSEOCCURSINTHELIVER

H. MUSCLEFATIGUE1. AFATIGUEDMUSCLELOSESTHEABILITYTOCONTRACT2. MUSCLEFATIGUEISDUETOACCUMULATEDLACTICACID3. ATHLETESPRODUCELESSLACTICACIDBECAUSEOFTHEABILITYTOSUPPLY

OXYGENINGREATERAMOUNTSIV. MUSCULARRESPONSES

A. THRESHOLDSTIMULUSISTHEMINIMALSTIMULUSNEEDEDFORMUSCULARCONTRACTION

B. THEALLORNONRESPONSEOFAMUSCLEMEANSIFITCONTRACTS,ITWILLCONTRACTCOMPLETELY1. MOTORUNITS2. RECRUITMENTOFMOTORUNITS

a. LOWSTIMULUSINTENSITYFEWCONTRACTb. HIGHLEVELSTIMULUSALLMAYCONTRACT

C. STAIRCASEEFFFECT(TREPPE)1. INACTIVEMUSCLEUNDERGOESASERIESOFTWITCHES2. EACHSTIMULUSISOFINCREASINGSTRENGTH3. STAIRCASEEFFECTISDUETOFAILURETOREMOVEALLCALCIUMIONS

D. SUSTAINEDCONTRACTIONS1. ARAPIDSERIESOFTWITCHESMAYPRODUCESUMMATIONOFTWITCHESORA

SUSTAINEDCONTRACTION2. WHENTHEREISNORELAXATIONTHECONTRACTIONISTERMEDTETANIC

(TETANUS)E. RECORDINGAMUSCLECONTRACTION

1. LATENTPERIOD‐TIMEBETWEENSTIMULUSANDCONTRACTION2. REFRACTORYPERIOD‐BRIEFTIMEBETWEENCONTRACTIONSWHENAMUSCLE

FIBERWILLNOTCONTRACT

V. DEPOLARIZATIONOFMEMBRANESA. ATRESTTHEINTERIOROFACELLMEMBRANEISNEGATIVEANDTHEOUTSIDEPOSITIVEB. THEINTERIORCONTAINSMANYTIMESMOREPOTASSIUMIONSTHANSODIUM.THEEXTERIOR

CONTAINSMORESODIUMTHATPOTASSIUM

NaNaNaNaNaKNaNa +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

KKKKKKKNaKKKKKKKK

C. Na/KPUMPMAINTAINSAMOUNTD. DIFFERENCEINCHARGEISTHERESTINGPOTENTIALE. WHENNERVERELEASESACETYLCHOLINE,MEMBRANECHANGESPERMEABILITYF. OUTSIDEISNEGATIVE,INSIDEISPOSITIVEG. SYNAPTICCLEFTIS200ANGSTROMSWIDE(ANGSTROMIS8‐10cm)H. DEPOLARIZATIONBEGINSATACETYLCHOLINERECEPTORSI. ACETYLCHOLINECAUSESCHANNELSTOOPENANDKANDNaTODIFFUSEJ. CONTINUESUSUALLYINWAVES

VI. MUSCLES

TERMS

SARCOLEMMA: MUSCLECELLMEMBRANE

MUSCLEFIBER: MUSCLECELL

MYOFIBRILS: SUBUNITSOFMUSCLEFIBERS,SEVERALHUNDREDTOSEVERALTHOUSAND

FILAMENT: 1500MYOSIN(APPROXIMATE)3000ACTIN(ESTIMATED)

MYOSIN: LARGEFILAMENT,GLOBULARHEAD

ACTIN: THINFILAMENT

IBAND(LIGHT): ISOTROPIC(EQUALREFRACTIONOFLIGHT)TOLIGHT,CONTAINSONLYACTIN

ABAND(DARK): ANISOTROPIC(UNEQUALREFRACTIONOFLIGHT)TOLIGHT

HZONE: MYOSINONLY

SARCOPLASM: CYTOPLASMOFTHEMUSCLECELL

SARCOPLASMICRETICULUM:

ENDOPLASMICRETICULUMOFTHEMUSCLECELL

MOTORENDPLATE: AREAOFSARCOPLASMADJACENTTOAXONTERMINAL

TELODENDRIUM: AXONTERMINAL

MYONEURALJUNCTION:

MOTORENDPLATEANDAXONTERMINAL

SYNAPTICBULB: AATENDOFAXON

SYNAPTICVESICLES: STOREACETYLCHOLINE

SYNAPTICGUTTER: TROUGHINSARCOLEMMAUNDERBULB

SYNAPTICCLEFT: SPACEBETWEENAXONANDSARCOLEMMA

SUBNEURALCLEFT: FOLDSINSARCOLEMMAALONGSARCOLEMMAALONGGUTTER

MYOSINFILAMENT‐MW480,000200+MYOSINMOLECULESMUSCLEACTIONPOTENTIAL‐80TO‐90MILLIVOLTS(SAMEASMYELINATEDNERVEFIBERS)DURATION:1‐5MILLISECONDS(5TIMESASLONGASMYELINATEDNERVE)VELOCITY:3‐5METERSPERSECOND(1/18THEVELOCITYOFNERVECONDUCTION)

FIBERS

TYPEI: SLOWTWITCH,SLOWOXIDATIVEHIGH#MITOCHONDRIA,HIGHINGLYCOGEN

TYPEIIB: FASTTWITCH,FASTOXIDATIVEHIGH#MITOCHONDRIA,LOWINGLYCOGEN

TYPEIIA: FASTTWITCH,FASTOXIDATIVE

**MOSTMUSCLECONTAINSALLTHREE

GROUPSSLOW‐SOLEUSMODERATE‐GASTROCNEMIUSFAST‐EYEMUSCLESTWITCHSLOWVSFASTOCULARMUSCLE:1/40SECONDNEEDEDFOREYEMOVEMENTGASTROCNEMIUS:1/15SECONDNEEDEDFORMODERATEWALKINGORJUMPINGSOLEUS:1/5SECOND(SLOW)NEEDEDONLYFORSLOWREACTIONSTOSUPPORTBODYAGAINSTGRAVITYMUSCLECONTRACTIONRECORDINGSONMYOGRAM

LATENTPERIOD‐10MSECCONTRACTION‐40MSECRELAXATION‐50MSECREFRACTORYPERIOD:WHENMUSCLEWILLNOTRESPONDTOADDITIONALSTIMULITREPPE(STAIRCASE):CAUSEDBYINCREASEDCALCIUMTETANUS:TWOSTIMULI,SECONDDELAYEDUNTILAFTERREEFRACTORYBUTBEFOREMUSCLEISRELAXED=WAVESUMMATIONMULTIPLEMOTORUNITSUMMATION:SEVERALSTIMULIATSAMETIMEBUTATDIFFERENTLOCATIONSUNFUSEDTETANUS:20‐30STIMULIPERSECONDWITHONLYPARTIALRELAXATIONFUSEDTETANUS:35‐50STIMULIPERSECONDWITHNORELAXATION(CAUSEDBYADDITIONALCALCIUMPRESENT)

REGENERATIONOFMUSCLETISSUESKELETAL:MUSCLEFIBERSCAN'TDIVIDE**AFTERFIRSTYEAROFLIFEALLGROWTHISBYHYPERTROPHYRATHERTHANHYPERPLASIASATELLITECELL:STEMCELLS(DORMANT)‐DURINGPOSTNATALGROWTHSATELLITEFUSEWITHMUSCLEFIBERSINCREASELENGTHANDPERSISTASALIMITEDLIFELONGSOURCEOFMUSCLECELLSCARDIAC:NOREGENERATION,HEALINGISBYSCARTISSUE,NOSATELLITECELLSSMOOTH:PERICYTES‐STEMCELLSINBLOODVESSELS

LEARNINGMUSCLEANATOMY‐THOUGHTSTOPONDER,STUFFTOTRY…

1 Rememberingthetermsmyofiber,myofibrilandmyofilamentcanbeabitconfusingforsome…justrememberthatthelongerwordrepresentsthesmalleststructure.

2 Youwillbuilda3‐Dmodelthatrepresentsonethirdoftheinner‐moststructureofamuscleastheclass

learnshowmuscleswork.Afterbuildingyourmodel,youwillexplainhowyoursectionworks.Aftereachgroupexplainstheirmodel,youwillexplainthefunctionfromnerveimpulsetoactionusingallthreemodels.HINTformodelbuilding…adisk‐shapedstyrofoampiececanbeusedasZlinesonpickupsticksthatrepresentthinmyofilaments.ThickmyofilamentscanberepresentedbypickupsticksattachedtoastandsuchasasmallringstandfromtheChemLab!

3 Ifyouareunsureofhowtoimagineathickmyofilament,thinkofalargesaltedpretzelstick…that

shoulddothetrick!4 Canyoumakeallofthemovementswe’vediscussed?Standupandtryit!5 Donottrytomemorizetheaction,originandinsertionofeverysinglemuscle!Learnfiveand

understandWHYtheaction,originandinsertionarewhattheyare!Then,applythisunderstandingtoanymuscleandyoushouldbeabletolocatetheaction,originandinsertionofeach.

6 HowwillthefollowingaffecttheNeuromuscularJunction?Botulism,SnakeVenomandMyasthenia

Gravis7 Howwillanexerciseprogramaffectaerobiccapacityandmusclemass?

MUSCULATURE–ANTERIORVIEW

MUSCULATURE–POSTERIORVIEW

SKELETALMUSCLE(i.e.BICEPSBRACHII)EPIMYSIUM(DEEPFASCIA)MUSCLEBELLY(FACIAE‐SURROUNDEDFIBERS)FASCICLE(BUNDLEOFFIBERS)MUSCLEFIBER(SINGLECELLS)PERIMYSIUM(SURROUNDSFASCICLEBUNDLES)ENDOMYSIUM(SURROUNDSEACHMUSCLEFIBER)NEUROVASCULARBUNDLE(NERVE,ARTERY,VEIN)TENDON(MERGEDMUSCLEFIBERSATENDS)ATTACHMENT(PERIOSTEUMORANOTHERTENDON)APONEUROSIS(BROAD,FLATTENDONS)NAMINGSKELETALMUSCLES:

ATTACHMENT SHAPE #OFHEADS FUNCTION POSITION

MUSCLEACTION: PRIMEMOVER(AGONIST) ANTAGONIST FIXATOR SYNERGIST(NEUTRALIZER)

MUSCLEMOVEMENTS/MOTIONS: FLEXION EXTENSION HYPEREXTENSION SUPINATION PRONATION ELEVATION DEPRESSION PROTRUSION RETRACTION LATERALFLEXION ROTATION PROTRACTION UPWARDROTATION MEDIALROTATION LATERALROTATION ADDUCTION ABDUCTION CIRCUMDUCTION OPPOSITION INVERSION EVERSION DORSIFLEXION PLANTARFLEXION

LEVERS 1st‐MOSTEFFICIENT 2nd 3rd–LEASTEFFICIENT

FULCRUM(JOINT)EFFORT(MUSCLE)

RESISTANCE(WEIGHT)MUSCLEATTACHMENT:

ORIGIN INSERTION

MUSCLESOFFACIALEXPRESSION: ORBICULARISOCULI NASALIS ZYGOMATICUSMAJOR RISORIUS FRONTALIS ORBICULARISORIS DEPRESSORANGULIOCULI BUCCINATOR OCCIPITALIS PROCERUS

MUSCLESOFMASTICATION: TEMPORALIS MASSETER MEDIALPTERYGOID LATERALPTERYGOID

ANTERIOR&LATERALMUSCLESOFTHENECK SUPRAHYOIDMUSCLES HYOIDBONE INFRAHYOIDMUSCLES SEMISPINALISCAPITIS SPLENIUSCAPITUS LEVATORSCAPULAE SCALENUS:ANT;MED;POST STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID

DEEPMUSCLESOFBACK&POSTERIORNECK SPLENIUS ERECTORSPINAE TRANSVERSOSPINALISGROUP

MUSCLESOFTHORAX&POST.ABDOMINALWALL THORACICDIAPHRAGM EXTERNALINTERCOSTAL INTERNALINTERCOSTAL INNERMOSTINTERCOSTAL ILIOPSOAS PSOASMAJOR ILIACUS QUADRATUSLUMBORUM

MUSCLESOFANT.ABDOMINALWALL TRANSVERSUSABDOMINIS RECTUSABDOMINIS INTERNALOBLIQUE EXTERNALOBLIQUE

MUSCLESOFSCAPULARSTABILIZATION TRAPEZIUS RHOMBOIDMAJOR RHOMBOIDMINOR LEVATORSCAPULAE

MUSCLETERMINOLOGYLIST

SERRATUSANTERIOR PECTORALISMINOR

MUSCLESOFMUSCULOTENDINOUSCUFF SUPRASPINATUS INFRASPINATUS TERESMINOR SUBSCAPULARIS

MOVERSOFTHESHOULDERJOINT DELTOID PECTORALISMAJOR LATISSIMUSDORSI TERESMAJOR BICEPSBRACHII TRICEPSBRACHII(LONGHEAD)

MOVERSOFELBOW&RADIOULNARJOINTS BICEPSBRACHII BRACHIALIS BRACHIORADIALIS 4flexors PRONATORTERES TRICEPSBRACHII ANCONEUS 2extensors BICEPSBRACHII SUPINATOR 2supinators PRONATORTERES PRONATORQUADRATUS 2pronators

FLEXORSOFWRIST&HAND FLEXORDIGITORUMPROFUNDUSDEEP FLEXORPOLLICISLONGUS FLEXORDIGITORUMSUPERFICIALIS FLEXORCARPIULNARIS PALMARISLONGUS SUPERFICIAL FLEXORCARPIRADIALIS

EXTENSORSOFWRIST&HAND EXTENSORINDICIS EXTENSORPOLLICISLONGUSDEEP EXTENSORPOLLICISBREVIS EXTENSORCARPIULNARIS EXTENSORDIGITIMINIMI EXTENSORDIGITORUM SUPER. EXTENSORCARPIRADIALISLONGUS EXTENSORCARPIRADIALISBREVIS ABDUCTORPOLLICISLONGUS

MOVERSOFHANDJOINTS(INTRINSICS)EXTENSOR/FLEXORRETINACULUMPALMARAPONEUROSIS/CARPALTUNNELTHENAREMINENCE

OPPONENSPOLLICIS ABDUCTORPOLLICISBREVIS FLEXORPOLLICISBREVIS

HYPOTHENAREMINENCE OPPONENSDIGITIMINIMI ABDUCTORDIGITIMINIMI FLEXORDIGITIMINIMIBREVIS

DEEPMUSCLES ADDUCTORPOLLICIS

MUSCLESOFTHEGLUTEALREGION GLUTEUSMAXIMUS GLUTEUSMEDIUS GLUTEUSMINIMUS TENSORFASCIAELATAE PIRIFORMIS OBTURATORINTERNUS OBTURATOREXTERNUS QUADRATUSFEMORIS ILIOTIBIALTRACT

MUSCLESOFTHEPOSTERIORTHIGH HAMSTRINGGROUP

o SEMIMEMBRANOSUSo SEMITENDINOSUSo BICEPSFEMORIS

FLEXORSOFTHEKNEEJOINTEXTENSORSOFTHEHIPJOINTMUSCLESOFTHEMEDIALTHIGH

PECTINEUS ADDUCTORBREVIS ADDUCTORLONGUS ADDUCTORMAGNUS GRACILIS OBTURATOREXTERNUS INGUINALLIGAMENT

MUSCLESOFTHEANTERIORTHIGH SARTORIUS ILIOPSOAS PATELLARLIGAMENT QUADRICEPSFEMORISGROUP

o RECTUSFEMORISo VASTUSLATERALISo VASTUSINTERMEDIUSo VASTUSMEDIALIS

MUSCLESOFTHEANTERIOR&LATERALLEG TIBIALISANTERIOR EXTENSORDIGITORUMLONGUS EXTENSORHALLUCISLONGUS FIBULARISTERTIUS FIBULARISLONGUS FIBULARISBREVIS

MUSCLESOFTHEPOSTERIORLEG TIBIALISPOSTERIOR FLEXORDIGITORUMLONGUS FLEXORHALLUCISLONGUS POPLITEUS PLANTARIS SOLEUS GASTROCNEMIUS

MUSCLESOFTHEFOOT(INTRINSICS)EXTENSORDIGITORUMBREVIS

EXTENSORHALLUCISBREVISTERMINOLOGYOFMUSCLEACTION/PHYSIOLOGY

ACETYLCHOLINE ACTIN ACTIONPOTENTIAL ADENOSINETRIPHOSPHATE(ATP) AEROBICRESPIRATION ANAEROBICGLYCOLYSIS CREATINEPHOSPHATE(CP) DIRECTPHOPHORYLATIONOFADPBYCP LACTICACID&LACTICACIDFORMATION MUSCLEFATIGUE OXYGENDEBT SODIUMIONS MOTORUNIT MYOFIBRILS MYOSIN NEUROMUSCULARJUNCTION NEUROTRANSMITTER SARCOLEMMA IBAND(LIGHT) ABAND(DARK) ZLINE HZONE SARCOMERES CROSSBRIDGES(MYOSINHEADS) SARCOPLASMICRETICULUM(SR) MYOFILAMENTS SARCOPLASM SPIRAL/FIGURE8BUNDLES INTERCALATEDDISKS(JUNCTIONS) SYNAPTICCLEFT CONTRACTION/SHORTENING IRRITABILITY CONTRACTILITY NERVEFIBERORAXON AXONALTERMINALS SLIDINGFILAMENTTHEORY&MUSCLE

CONTRACTION SKELETAL/CARDIAC/SMOOTH SKELETAL=STRIATED=VOLUNTARY ENDOMYSIUM PERIMYSIUM FASCICLE EPIMYSIUM TENDONS APONEUROSES SMOOTH=NONSTRIATED=INVOLUNTARY CARDIAC=STRIATED=INVOLUNTARY MUSCLEFUNCTION

o PRODUCESMOVEMENTo MAINTAINSPOSTURE

o STABILIZESJOINTSo GENERATESHEAT

TETANUS ALLORNONELAWOFMUSCLECELLS ISOTONICCONTRACTIONS ISOMETRICCONTRACTIONS MUSCLETONE AEROBICORENDURANCE RESISTANCE

NAMINGMUSCLES RECTUS=STRAIGHT OBLIQUE=SLANTED MAXIMUS=LARGEST MINIMUS=SMALLEST LONGUS=LONG LOCATIONOFORIGIN/INSERTION LOCATIONINRELATIONTOBONE NUMBEROFORIGINS(BI,TRI,QUAD) MUSCLESHAPE‐DELTOID=TRIANGLE ACTIONOFTHEMUSCLE(FLEXOR)

DEVELOPMENTALASPECTSOFTHESYSTEM QUICKENING–FETALMOVEMENT MUSCULARDYSTROPHY duch*eNNEMUSCULARDYSTROPHY DEVELOPMENTALMOTORSKILLS MYASTHENIAGRAVIS

HOMEOSTATICBALANCE ENDOCRINESYSTEM LYMPHATICSYSTEM/IMMUNITY DIGESTIVESYSTEM URINARYSYSTEM NERVOUSSYSTEM RESPIRATORYSYSTEM CARDIOVASCULARSYSTEM REPRODUCTIVESYSTEM INTEGUMENTARYSYSTEM SKELETALSYSTEM

ORGANSYSTEMPROJECT

WrittenNotes&RemindersWebMaterialsReferences